Characterization of interprofessional education experiences in health education at the University of São Paulo.

OBJECTIVE: To map the experiences of Interprofessional Education (IPE) in Health at the São Paulo campus of the University of São Paulo. METHOD: This is a descriptive, exploratory study with a quantitative approach and data collection through an online questionnaire addressed to teachers from eight teaching units and 14 health courses. The data was analyzed using absolute and percentage frequencies. RESULTS: The majority of teachers do not take part in IPE experiences (70.4%). Most of the experiences are between six and ten years old, involving up to four teachers and small groups of students, mostly extracurricular or extension activities. The teaching and assessment strategies are diverse and open to students of all years. CONCLUSION: IPE experiences involve a small number of students and teachers and, although consolidated in terms of the time they have been offered, are limited to extracurricular spaces. Factors such as improvements in institutional support and teacher development are pointed out as important for making progress in strengthening IPE in the analyzed context.

Telehealth use in primary healthcare collaborative interprofessional practice: protocol for a scoping review.

INTRODUCTION: Telehealth is a growing topic, with potential to improve access to primary healthcare. However, there is a lack of knowledge regarding how telehealth could facilitate interprofessional collaboration that is recommended to strengthen the comprehensive approach of primary healthcare. The objective is to identify the characteristics and applications of telehealth services related to the interprofessional collaborative practice of primary healthcare professionals. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: This review will cover studies including as target population those health professionals who work in telehealth services; as concept, telehealth in relation to collaborative interprofessional practice; and as context, primary healthcare. A scoping review will be carried out according to the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology. Databases to be searched include MEDLINE, CINAHL, Embase, Eric, Scopus, LILACS and Web of Science. All identified records will be grouped, duplicates will be removed, titles and abstracts will be selected by two independent reviewers, and the full text of selected articles will be evaluated in detail. A data extraction tool developed by the reviewers will be used for data extraction. The results will be presented in data map format in a logical way, in a diagram or in a tabular format, accompanied by a descriptive summary. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: No ethical approval is required for this study. A manuscript based on this scoping review will be submitted to a journal and we hope it will contribute to scientific knowledge on the interprofessional field and key research findings will be sent to key events on interprofessional practice and education. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: This scoping review was registered in the Open Science Framework (https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/2BV8D).

Characterization of interprofessional education experiences in health education at the University of São Paulo / Caracterización de las experiencias de educación interprofesional en formación en salud en la Universidad de São Paulo / Caracterização das experiências de educação interprofissional na formação em saúde na Universidade de São Paulo

ABSTRACT Objective: To map the experiences of Interprofessional Education (IPE) in Health at the São Paulo campus of the University of São Paulo. Method: This is a descriptive, exploratory study with a quantitative approach and data collection through an online questionnaire addressed to teachers from eight teaching units and 14 health courses. The data was analyzed using absolute and percentage frequencies. Results: The majority of teachers do not take part in IPE experiences (70.4%). Most of the experiences are between six and ten years old, involving up to four teachers and small groups of students, mostly extracurricular or extension activities. The teaching and assessment strategies are diverse and open to students of all years. Conclusion: IPE experiences involve a small number of students and teachers and, although consolidated in terms of the time they have been offered, are limited to extracurricular spaces. Factors such as improvements in institutional support and teacher development are pointed out as important for making progress in strengthening IPE in the analyzed context.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Mapear las experiencias de Educación Interprofesional (EIP) en Salud en el campus de São Paulo de la Universidad de São Paulo. Método: Se trata de un estudio descriptivo, exploratorio, con abordaje cuantitativo y recolección de datos por medio de cuestionario online dirigido a profesores de ocho unidades de enseñanza y 14 cursos de salud. Los datos se analizaron mediante frecuencias absolutas y porcentuales. Resultados: La mayoría de los profesores no participa en experiencias de EIP (70,4%). La mayoría de las experiencias tienen entre seis y diez años de antigüedad, involucran hasta cuatro profesores y pequeños grupos de estudiantes, en su mayoría actividades extracurriculares o de extensión. Las estrategias de enseñanza y evaluación son diversas y están abiertas a estudiantes de todos los cursos. Conclusión: Las experiencias de EIP involucran a un número reducido de estudiantes y profesores y, aunque consolidadas en términos de oferta de tiempo, se limitan a espacios extracurriculares. Factores como la mejora del apoyo institucional y el desarrollo de las docentes se señalan como importantes para avanzar en el fortalecimiento de la EIP en el contexto analizado.

RESUMO Objetivo: Mapear as experiências de Educação Interprofissional (EIP) em Saúde no campus São Paulo da Universidade de São Paulo. Método: Pesquisa descritiva, exploratória, com abordagem quantitativa e coleta de dados por meio de um questionário online, direcionado aos docentes de oito unidades de ensino e 14 cursos da área de saúde. Os dados foram analisados por meio de frequências absolutas e percentuais. Resultados: A maior parte dos docentes não participa de experiências de EIP (70,4%). Em sua maioria, as experiências têm de seis a dez anos de existência, com envolvimento de até quatro docentes e em pequenos grupos de estudantes, majoritariamente extracurriculares ou atividades de extensão. As estratégias de ensino e avaliação são diversificadas e abertas aos estudantes de todos os anos. Conclusão: As experiências de EIP envolvem um número pequeno de estudantes e professores e, embora consolidadas em relação ao tempo de oferta, são limitadas aos espaços extracurriculares. Fatores como melhorias no apoio institucional e desenvolvimento docente são apontados como importantes para avançar no fortalecimento da EIP no contexto analisado.

Residências em saúde em hospital universitário: cenário potente de formação para a prática colaborativa interprofissional / Health residency programs in a university hospital: a potent training setting for interprofessional collaborative practice / Residencias sanitarias en un hospital universitario: un potente escenario de formación para la práctica colaborativa interprofesional

Resumo Este estudo tem por objetivo compreender a experiência de residentes sobre a Prática Colaborativa Interprofissional (PCI) em um hospital universitário (HU) do estado de São Paulo. É uma pesquisa qualitativa realizada por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas com base na Técnica do Incidente Crítico, com 14 residentes de programas de residência uni e multiprofissionais, analisadas pela análise temática de Bardin. O HU mostrou-se potente para efetivação da PCI por proporcionar interações entre profissionais de diferentes áreas e níveis de formação. A qualidade das interações entre trabalhadores, residentes, usuários e família foi determinante para o desenvolvimento da PCI. Foram identificadas barreiras como ausência de estruturação organizacional, sobrecarga dos profissionais, fragilidade na oferta de Educação Permanente relacionada à educação interprofissional e predomínio do modelo biomédico de Atenção à Saúde. As ações colaborativas mediadas pela comunicação informal constituem o dispositivo mais utilizado para os atendimentos compartilhados.(AU)

Abstract The aim of this study was to explore residents' experiences of interprofessional collaborative practice (ICP) in a university hospital (UH) in São Paulo. We conducted a qualitative study with 14 residents undertaking uniprofessional and multiprofessional residency programs. The data were collected using critical incident technique-based semi-structured interviews and analyzed using thematic analysis as proposed by Bardin. The UH was shown to be a potent training setting for ICP, promoting interactions between professionals from a range of areas and with varying levels of qualification. The quality of interactions between workers, residents and patients and their families was a determining factor for the development of ICP. Barriers to ICP included lack of organizational structure, excessive workload, weaknesses in the provision of permanent training in ICP and the predominance of the biomedical model of health care. Collaborative actions mediated by informal communication were the most common mechanism used for providing shared consultations.(AU)

Resumen Este estudio reta comprender la experiencia de los residentes sobre la Práctica Colaborativa Interprofesional (PCI) en un hospital universitario (HU) en el estado de São Paulo. Investigación cualitativa a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas basadas en la Técnica del Incidente Crítico con 14 residentes de programas de residencia uni y multiprofesionales, analizadas por análisis temático de Bardin. El HU demostró ser potente para la implementación de la PCI al propiciar interacciones entre profesionales de diferentes áreas y niveles de formación. La calidad de las interacciones entre trabajadores, residentes, usuarios y familiares fue crucial para el desarrollo de la PCI. Se identificaron barreras como falta de estructura organizacional, sobrecarga de profesionales, debilidad en la provisión de educación permanente interprofesional y predominio del modelo biomédico de atención. Las acciones colaborativas mediadas por comunicación informal son el dispositivo más utilizado para el cuidado compartido.(AU)

Comunicação interprofissional e participação do usuário na Estratégia Saúde da Família / Interprofessional communication and user participation in the Family Health Strategy

Resumo Este estudo trata sobre as competências colaborativas para o fortalecimento do trabalho em equipe e colaboração interprofissional nos serviços de Atenção Primária à Saúde, apoiado no referencial do processo de trabalho em saúde, trabalho interprofissional e competências. Tem o objetivo de compreender as concepções e experiências dos profissionais das equipes da Estratégia Saúde da Família sobre as competências colaborativas centrais: comunicação interprofissional e atenção centrada no paciente. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa exploratória e interpretativa. Foi utilizado banco de dados secundário, com 34 entrevistas realizadas com profissionais das equipes de três unidades de saúde localizadas em dois municípios. Adotou-se análise de conteúdo temática, com apoio do software WebQDA. Os resultados evidenciam o entendimento dos profissionais sobre as competências colaborativas como complementares, não podendo ser tratadas de forma independente. A comunicação interprofissional é reconhecida como foco no atendimento às necessidades de saúde do usuário, limitada pelas condições de trabalho insatisfatórias. A atenção centrada no paciente aparece de forma frágil, visto que o sentido da participação do usuário prevalece como transferência da responsabilidade pelo seu cuidado para os profissionais e de forma minoritária, como compartilhamento na construção do plano de cuidado.

Abstract This study deals with collaborative competencies to strengthen teamwork and interprofessional collaboration in Primary Health Care services, supported by the framework of the health work process, interprofessional work and competencies. Its objective is to understand the conceptions and experiences of professionals from the Family Health Strategy teams regarding the core collaborative competencies: interprofessional communication and patient-centered care. This is an exploratory and interpretative qualitative study. A secondary database was used, with 34 interviews conducted with professionals from the teams of three health units located in two municipalities. Thematic content analysis was adopted, with support by the WebQDA software. The findings show the professionals' understanding of collaborative competencies as complementary and as impossible to being treated independently. Interprofessional communication is recognized as a focus on meeting the user's health needs, limited by unsatisfactory working conditions. Patient-centered care appears weak, since the sense of user participation prevails as a transfer of responsibility for their care to professionals and in a minority way, as sharing the construction of the care plan.

Collective leadership to improve professional practice, healthcare outcomes and staff well-being.

BACKGROUND: Collective leadership is strongly advocated by international stakeholders as a key approach for health service delivery, as a response to increasingly complex forms of organisation defined by rapid changes in health technology, professionalisation and growing specialisation. Inadequate leadership weakens health systems and can contribute to adverse events, including refusal to prioritise and implement safety recommendations consistently, and resistance to addressing staff burnout. Globally, increases in life expectancy and the number of people living with multiple long-term conditions contribute to greater complexity of healthcare systems. Such a complex environment requires the contribution and leadership of multiple professionals sharing viewpoints and knowledge.  OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of collective leadership for healthcare providers on professional practice, healthcare outcomes and staff well-being, when compared with usual centralised leadership approaches. SEARCH METHODS: We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, five other databases and two trials registers on 5 January 2021. We also searched grey literature, checked references for additional citations and contacted study authors to identify additional studies. We did not apply any limits on language. SELECTION CRITERIA: Two groups of two authors independently reviewed, screened and selected studies for inclusion; the principal author was part of both groups to ensure consistency. We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that compared collective leadership interventions with usual centralised leadership or no intervention. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Three groups of two authors independently extracted data from the included studies and evaluated study quality; the principal author took part in all groups. We followed standard methodological procedures expected by Cochrane and the Effective Practice and Organisation of Care (EPOC) Group. We used the GRADE approach to assess the certainty of the evidence. MAIN RESULTS: We identified three randomised trials for inclusion in our synthesis. All studies were conducted in acute care inpatient settings; the country settings were Canada, Iran and the USA. A total of 955 participants were included across all the studies. There was considerable variation in participants, interventions and measures for quantifying outcomes. We were only able to complete a meta-analysis for one outcome (leadership) and completed a narrative synthesis for other outcomes. We judged all studies as having an unclear risk of bias overall. Collective leadership interventions probably improve leadership (3 RCTs, 955 participants). Collective leadership may improve team performance (1 RCT, 164 participants). We are uncertain about the effect of collective leadership on clinical performance (1 RCT, 60 participants). We are uncertain about the intervention effect on healthcare outcomes, including health status (inpatient mortality) (1 RCT, 60 participants). Collective leadership may slightly improve staff well-being by reducing work-related stress (1 RCT, 164 participants). We identified no direct evidence concerning burnout and psychological symptoms. We are uncertain of the intervention effects on unintended consequences, specifically on staff absence (1 RCT, 60 participants).  AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Collective leadership involves multiple professionals sharing viewpoints and knowledge with the potential to influence positively the quality of care and staff well-being. Our confidence in the effects of collective leadership interventions on professional practice, healthcare outcomes and staff well-being is moderate in leadership outcomes, low in team performance and work-related stress, and very low for clinical performance, inpatient mortality and staff absence outcomes. The evidence was of moderate, low and very low certainty due to risk of bias and imprecision, meaning future evidence may change our interpretation of the results. There is a need for more high-quality studies in this area, with consistent reporting of leadership, team performance, clinical performance, health status and staff well-being outcomes.

Relationship between team climate and satisfaction at work in the Family Health Strategy.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the association between team climate, team characteristics and satisfaction at work in teams of the Estratégia Saúde da Família com Saúde Bucal (Family Health Strategy with Oral Health) (ESF with SB). METHODS: Cross-sectional correlational study with ESF teams with SB in the municipality of São Paulo. Universe of 1,328 teams and random sample of 124 teams with 1,231 professionals. Applied questionnaire with data teams' characterization, team climate scale, and satisfaction at work. Analysis of validity, of climate and satisfaction scores through mean among professionals in each team, cluster analysis, association between variables by Pearson's correlation and Chi-square, and tested linear regression model for the two factors of satisfaction at work. RESULTS: There was a directly proportional association between team climate and satisfaction at work. The better the climate with regard to team goals, the greater the intrinsic satisfaction at work and with the physical environment. The better the climate with regard to team goals and task orientation, the greater the satisfaction with hierarchical relations. The group with best team climate reported higher percentage of teams ranked with better satisfaction at work, and in the group with the worst team climate there was higher percentage of teams with the lowest satisfaction at work. CONCLUSIONS: The study provides consistent although moderate evidence of association between favorable teamwork climate and job satisfaction in ESF with SB. It emphasizes the dimensions of climate, common goals and task orientation, and may serve as subsidy for management and permanent education of teams, aiming at the quality of care to the health needs of users, family and community in APS.

Implementation of evidence-based nutritional management in primary health care settings: a systematic scoping review.

Scientific evidence is used to inform clinical nutritional guidelines in order to prevent diseases and promote health. However, little is known about the process of implementing evidence-based clinical nutritional guidelines in health services. This scoping review aims to map the steps in the implementation of evidence-based nutritional management within primary health care, as well as the facilitators and barriers to implementation. Electronic databases and the grey literature were searched for original studies on the implementation of evidence-based dietary recommendations and/or nutritional counselling in primary health care settings conducted by health practitioners. Studies were selected by independent reviewers. Extracted data were analysed and grouped into thematic categories and are presented in a narrative synthesis. In all, 26 studies were included. A review of the studies demonstrated four steps in the process of implementing evidence-based nutritional management in primary care: (1) acknowledging health needs in the catchment area and determining the characteristics of services and health professionals; (2) developing continuing education aimed at practitioners; (3) integrating nutritional management into interprofessional practice; and (4) adapting the interventions using a patient-centred care approach. The predominant facilitators were providers' pre-intervention training and the provision of support materials. Barriers included time constraints, a lack of resources and an incompatibility of the interventions with living conditions and patients' health needs.

Nurses' perception of interprofessional collaboration in a hospital emergency service / Percepción de las enfermeras sobre la colaboración interprofesional en un servicio de urgencias hospitalario / Percepção de enfermeiros acerca da colaboração interprofissional em um serviço de urgência e emergência hospitalar

Objective: to understand the perception of nurses about interprofessional collaboration in a hospital urgency and emergency service. Method: descriptive, exploratory and qualitative research, carried out in a public hospital in the state of São Paulo. Twenty semi-structured interviews were conducted with nurses and submitted to the Content Analysis proposed by Bardin. Results: collaboration was identified in more complex situations, related to procedures and technical actions. There are weaknesses in communication, conflicts in interpersonal relationships and little understanding about professional roles. The performance of actions common to other professionals is often assumed by the nurse. Final considerations: the nurse's role as a centralizer of actions stands out, showing that it is necessary to advance in the recognition of professional roles and in interprofessional communication. It is believed that the construction of spaces for the discussion of cases and the construction of collaborative actions asserts itself as a necessary strategy for interprofessional collaboration.

Objetivo: comprender la percepción de los enfermeros sobre la colaboración interprofesional en un servicio de urgencias y urgencias hospitalarias. Método: investigación descriptiva, exploratoria y cualitativa, realizada en un hospital público del estado de São Paulo. Se realizaron veinte entrevistas semiestructuradas con enfermeras y se sometieron al Análisis de Contenido propuesto por Bardin. Resultados: se identificó la colaboración en situaciones más complejas, relacionadas con procedimientos y acciones técnicas. Hay debilidades en la comunicación, conflictos en las relaciones interpersonales y poca comprensión de los roles profesionales. La realización de acciones comunes a otros profesionales suele ser asumida por la enfermera. Consideraciones finales: destaca el rol de la enfermera como centralizadora de acciones, mostrando que es necesario avanzar en el reconocimiento de roles profesionales y en la comunicación interprofesional. Se cree que la construcción de espacios para la discusión de casos y la construcción de acciones colaborativas se afianza como una estrategia necesaria para la colaboración interprofesional.

Objetivo: compreender a percepção de enfermeiros acerca da colaboração interprofissional em um serviço de urgência e emergência hospitalar. Método: pesquisa descritiva, exploratória e de abordagem qualitativa, realizada em um hospital público do estado de São Paulo. Foram realizadas 20 entrevistas semiestruturadas com enfermeiros e submetidas à Análise de Conteúdo proposta por Bardin. Resultados: a colaboração foi identificada em situações mais complexas, relacionadas a procedimentos e ações técnicas. Há fragilidades na comunicação, conflitos nas relações interpessoais e pouca compreensão acerca dos papéis profissionais. A realização de ações comuns a outros profissionais é frequentemente assumida pelo enfermeiro. Considerações finais: destaca-se o papel do enfermeiro como centralizador de ações, mostrando-se necessário avançar no reconhecimento dos papéis profissionais e na comunicação interprofissional. Acredita-se que a construção de espaços para a discussão de casos e construção de ações colaborativas afirma-se como estratégia necessária à colaboração interprofissional. 

Building capacity: getting evidence-based practice into healthcare professional curricula.

Fostering a culture of clinical effectiveness in healthcare is crucial to achieving optimum outcomes for patients. Evidence-based practice (EBP) is a cornerstone of clinical effectiveness. An EBP capacity-building project commenced in Ireland in 2016, in collaboration with the Centre of Evidence-Based Medicine in Oxford. A key part of this project, reported here, was the development of a competency framework for education in EBP and clinical effectiveness to ensure responsiveness of education standards and curricula of healthcare professionals in this area. METHODS: Following a review of national and international reports, professional guidance documents and empirical literature pertaining to clinical effectiveness education (CEE), a preliminary competency framework was developed. Stakeholder consultations were conducted over a 6-month period, which consisted of 13 focus groups (n=45) and included representatives from clinical practice, higher education and professional training sectors, regulator/accrediting bodies, the Department of Health (Ireland) and patient/service user groups. RESULTS: An overarching interprofessional competency framework for CEE was proposed and included the following domains: EBP, quality improvement processes, implementation strategies and collaborative practice: a total of 16 competencies and 60 indicators. CONCLUSION: A competency framework for CEE for health and social care professionals is presented. It is intended that this framework will provide guidance to healthcare educators and regulators in the construction and revision of curricula, learning outcomes, teaching and assessment strategies, and graduate/clinician attributes.

Relationship between team climate and satisfaction at work in the Family Health Strategy / Relações entre clima de equipe e satisfação no trabalho na Estratégia Saúde da Família

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To analyze the association between team climate, team characteristics and satisfaction at work in teams of the Estratégia Saúde da Família com Saúde Bucal (Family Health Strategy with Oral Health) (ESF with SB). METHODS Cross-sectional correlational study with ESF teams with SB in the municipality of São Paulo. Universe of 1,328 teams and random sample of 124 teams with 1,231 professionals. Applied questionnaire with data teams' characterization, team climate scale, and satisfaction at work. Analysis of validity, of climate and satisfaction scores through mean among professionals in each team, cluster analysis, association between variables by Pearson's correlation and Chi-square, and tested linear regression model for the two factors of satisfaction at work. RESULTS There was a directly proportional association between team climate and satisfaction at work. The better the climate with regard to team goals, the greater the intrinsic satisfaction at work and with the physical environment. The better the climate with regard to team goals and task orientation, the greater the satisfaction with hierarchical relations. The group with best team climate reported higher percentage of teams ranked with better satisfaction at work, and in the group with the worst team climate there was higher percentage of teams with the lowest satisfaction at work. CONCLUSIONS The study provides consistent although moderate evidence of association between favorable teamwork climate and job satisfaction in ESF with SB. It emphasizes the dimensions of climate, common goals and task orientation, and may serve as subsidy for management and permanent education of teams, aiming at the quality of care to the health needs of users, family and community in APS.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Analisar associação entre clima de equipe, características das equipes e satisfação no trabalho em equipes da Estratégia Saúde da Família com Saúde Bucal (ESF com SB). MÉTODOS Correlacional transversal com equipes da ESF com SB no município de São Paulo. Universo de 1.328 equipes e amostra aleatória de 124 equipes com 1.231 profissionais. Aplicado questionário com dados de caracterização das equipes, escala de clima de equipe e de satisfação no trabalho. Realizada análise de validade, dos escores de clima e satisfação via média dos profissionais de cada equipe, análise de agrupamentos, associação entre variáveis pela correlação de Pearson e Qui-Quadrado e testado modelo de regressão linear para os dois fatores de satisfação no trabalho. RESULTADOS Verificou-se associação diretamente proporcional entre clima de equipe e satisfação no trabalho. Quanto maior clima com relação a objetivos da equipe, maior satisfação intrínseca no trabalho e com ambiente físico, quanto maior clima com relação a objetivos da equipe e orientação para as tarefas, maior satisfação com as relações hierárquicas. Verificou-se no grupo com melhor clima de equipe, maior porcentagem de equipes classificadas com melhor satisfação no trabalho e no grupo de pior clima de equipe, maior porcentagem de equipes com a mais baixa satisfação no trabalho. CONCLUSÕES O estudo traz evidências consistentes, embora moderadas, de associação entre clima favorável ao trabalho em equipe e satisfação no trabalho na ESF com SB, com destaque para as dimensões de clima, objetivos comuns e orientação para a tarefa, constituindo subsídio para a gestão e educação permanente das equipes, visando a qualidade da atenção às necessidades de saúde de usuários, família e comunidade na APS.

Trabalho em equipe: uma revisita ao conceito e a seus desdobramentos no trabalho interprofissional / Teamwork: revisiting the concept and its developments in inter-professional work / Trabajo de equipo: revisitando el concepto y sus consecuencias para el trabajo interprofesional

Resumo A crescente complexidade das necessidades de saúde que requerem abordagem ampliada e contextualizada e da organização dos serviços em rede motivou a revisita ao conceito de trabalho em equipe, à tipologia equipe-integração e agrupamento e aos seus atributos. O efetivo trabalho em equipe se constitui como expressão, por um lado, da articulação das ações das diversas áreas mediante o reconhecimento da sua interdependência e, por outro, da complementaridade indispensável entre agir instrumental e agir comunicativo. Destaca-se que o trabalho em equipe também é expressão da divisão social do trabalho e da transformação de diferenças técnicas em desigual valor social dos trabalhos especializados das diversas profissões e, portanto, dos seus agentes. As contradições presentes nos processos de trabalho, na sua consubstancialidade às necessidades de saúde, podem se limitar a reiterar os modelos dominantes de atenção à saúde ou buscar sua superação por meio de mediações reflexivas e dialógicas dos trabalhadores das equipes entre si e destes com usuários, famílias e população. Por fim, trabalho em equipe constitui uma das formas de trabalho interprofissional com práticas colaborativas, e essa colaboração pode se dar na equipe ou no trabalho em rede com usuários e comunidade.

Abstract The increasing complexity of health needs that require expanded and contextualized approach and the organization of networked services has motivated revisiting the concept of teamwork, the team-integration and grouping typology and its attributes. Effective teamwork is an expression, on the one hand, of the articulation of the actions of the various areas from the recognition of their interdependence and, on the other, of the indispensable complementarity between instrumental and communicative action. It is noteworthy that teamwork is also an expression of the social division of labor and the transmutation of technical differences into unequal social value of specialized work of different professions and, therefore, of their agents. The contradictions present in work processes, in their substantiation with health needs, may be limited to reiterating the dominant models of health care or seeking to overcome them through reflective and dialogical mediations of team workers among themselves and with users, families and population. Finally, teamwork is one of the forms of interprofessional work together with interprofessional collaboration and collaborative practice, and this collaboration can take place in the team or in networking with users and the community.

Resumen La creciente complejidad de las necesidades de salud que requieren un enfoque amplio y contextualizado y de la organización de los servicios en red, ha motivado la revisita al concepto de trabajo en equipo, a la tipología equipo-integración y agrupación, y a sus atributos. El efectivo trabajo en equipo se constituye como expresión, por un lado, de la articulación de las acciones de las diversas áreas a partir del reconocimiento de su interdependencia y, de otro lado, de la complementación indispensable entre actuar instrumentalmente y actuar comunicativamente. Cabe señalar que el trabajo en equipo es también una expresión de la división social del trabajo y la transmutación de diferencias técnicas en valor social desigual del trabajo especializado de las distintas profesiones y, por lo tanto, de sus agentes. Las contradicciones presentes en los procesos de trabajo, en su consubstancialidad a las necesidades de salud, pueden limitarse a reiterar los modelos dominantes de atención a la salud o buscar su superación por mediaciones reflexivas y dialógicas de los trabajadores de los equipos entre sí y de estos con usuarios, familias y población. Finalmente, el trabajo en equipo constituye una de las formas de trabajo interprofesional junto con la colaboración interprofesional y la práctica colaborativa, y esta colaboración puede tener lugar en equipo o en red con los usuarios y la comunidad.

Effects of interprofessional education on teamwork and on knowledge chronic conditions management.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the effect of interprofessional education on the climate of Primary Health Care teams and on the acquisition of knowledge about management of chronic non-communicable diseases. METHOD: Quasi-experimental study of interprofessional education intervention. Seventeen Primary Health Care teams (95 professionals) participated in the study, of which nine teams (50 professionals) composed the intervention group and eight teams (45 participants) composed the control group. The team climate inventory scale and a questionnaire on knowledge about management of chronic conditions in Primary Health Care were applied before and after intervention. Type I error was fixed as statistically significant (p<0.05). RESULTS: In the analysis of knowledge about management of chronic conditions, the teams that participated in the interprofessional education intervention presented higher mean post-intervention increase than the teams of the control group (p < 0.001). However, in the analysis of both groups, there was no significant variation in the teamwork climate scores (0.061). CONCLUSION: The short interprofessional education intervention carried out during team meetings resulted in improved apprehension of specific knowledge on chronic conditions. However, the short intervention presented no significant impacts on teamwork climate.

Ethnographic study using Normalization Process Theory to understand the implementation process of infection prevention and control guidelines in Ireland.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to explore how infection prevention and control (IPC) guidelines are used and understood by healthcare professionals, patients and families. DESIGN: Ethnographic study with 59 hours of non-participant observation and 57 conversational interviews. Data analysis was underpinned by the Normalization Process Theory (NPT) as a theoretical framework. SETTING: Four hospitals in Ireland. PARTICIPANTS: Healthcare professionals, patient and families. RESULTS: Five themes emerged through the analysis. Four themes provided evidence of the NPT elements (coherence, cognitive participation, collective action and reflexive monitoring). Our findings revealed the existence of a 'dissonance between IPC guidelines and the reality of clinical practice' (theme 1) and 'Challenges to legitimatize guidelines' recommendations in practice' (theme 3). These elements contributed to 'Symbolic implementation of IPC guidelines' (theme 2), which was also determined by a 'Lack of shared reflection upon IPC practices' (theme 4) and a clinical context of 'Workforce fragmentation, time pressure and lack of prioritization of IPC' (theme 5). CONCLUSIONS: Our analysis identified themes that provide a comprehensive understanding of elements needed for the successful or unsuccessful implementation of IPC guidelines. Our findings suggest that implementation of IPC guidelines is regularly operationalised through the reproduction of IPC symbols, rather than through adherence to performance of the evidence-based recommendations. Our findings also provide insights into changes to make IPC guidelines that align with clinical work.

Patient involvement in the implementation of infection prevention and control guidelines and associated interventions: a scoping review.

OBJECTIVE: To explore patient involvement in the implementation of infection prevention and control (IPC) guidelines and associated interventions. DESIGN: Scoping review. METHODS: A methodological framework was followed to identify recent publications on patient involvement in the implementation of IPC guidelines and interventions. Initially, relevant databases were searched to identify pertinent publications (published 2013-2018). Reflecting the scarcity of included studies from these databases, a bidirectional citation chasing approach was used as a second search step. The reference list and citations of all identified papers from databases were searched to generate a full list of relevant references. A grey literature search of Google Scholar was also conducted. RESULTS: From an identified 2078 papers, 14 papers were included in this review. Our findings provide insights into the need for a fundamental change to IPC, from being solely the healthcare professionals (HCPs) responsibility to one that involves a collaborative relationship between HCPs and patients. This change should be underpinned by a clear understanding of patient roles, potential levels of patient involvement in IPC and strategies to overcome barriers to patient involvement focusing on the professional-patient relationship (eg, patient encouragement through multimodal educational strategies and efforts to disperse professional's power). CONCLUSIONS: There is limited evidence regarding the best strategies to promote patient involvement in the implementation of IPC interventions and guidelines. The findings of this review endorse the need for targeted strategies to overcome the lack of role clarity of patients in IPC and the power imbalances between patients and HCPs.

Effects of interprofessional education on teamwork and on knowledge chronic conditions management / Efeito da educação interprofissional no trabalho em equipe e nos conhecimentos e manejo das condições crônicas / Efecto de la educación interprofesional en el trabajo en equipo y conocimiento manejo de condiciones crónicas

Objective: Evaluate the effect of interprofessional education on the climate of Primary Health Care teams and on the acquisition of knowledge about management of chronic non-communicable diseases. Method: Quasi-experimental study of interprofessional education intervention. Seventeen Primary Health Care teams (95 professionals) participated in the study, of which nine teams (50 professionals) composed the intervention group and eight teams (45 participants) composed the control group. The team climate inventory scale and a questionnaire on knowledge about management of chronic conditions in Primary Health Care were applied before and after intervention. Type I error was fixed as statistically significant (p<0.05). Results: In the analysis of knowledge about management of chronic conditions, the teams that participated in the interprofessional education intervention presented higher mean post-intervention increase than the teams of the control group (p < 0.001). However, in the analysis of both groups, there was no significant variation in the teamwork climate scores (0.061). Conclusion: The short interprofessional education intervention carried out during team meetings resulted in improved apprehension of specific knowledge on chronic conditions. However, the short intervention presented no significant impacts on teamwork climate.

Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito da educação interprofissional no clima de equipes da Atenção Primária à Saúde e na apropriação de conhecimentos sobre o manejo das condições crônicas não transmissíveis. Método: estudo quase-experimental de intervenção de educação interprofissional. Participaram 17 equipes da Atenção Primária (95 profissionais), das quais nove equipes (50 profissionais) compuseram o grupo-intervenção e oito equipes (45 participantes), o grupo-controle. A escala de clima de equipe e um questionário referente aos conhecimentos sobre o manejo das condições crônicas na Atenção Primária foram aplicados antes e após a intervenção. Fixou-se erro tipo I como estatisticamente significativo (p < 0,05). Resultados: na análise dos conhecimentos sobre manejo das condições crônicas, as equipes que participaram da intervenção de educação interprofissional apresentaram aumento médio pós-intervenção maior do que as equipes do grupo-controle (p < 0,001). Contudo, na análise de ambos os grupos, não houve variação significativa nos escores de clima do trabalho em equipe (0,061). Conclusão: intervenção de educação interprofissional curta realizada durante as reuniões de equipe resultou em melhoria na apreensão dos conhecimentos específicos sobre as condições crônicas. Entretanto, a intervenção de curta duração não apresentou impactos significativos no clima do trabalho em equipe.

Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto de la educación interprofesional en el ambiente de los equipos de Atención Primaria de Salud y en la apropiación de conocimientos sobre el manejo de las condiciones crónicas no transmisibles. Método: Estudio cuasi-experimental de intervención educativa interprofesional. Participaron 17 equipos de Atención Primaria (95 profesionales); de estos, nueve equipos (50 profesionales) formaron el grupo de intervención, y ocho (45 participantes) el grupo de control. Se aplicaron antes y después de la intervención una Escala sobre el ambiente del personal y un cuestionario sobre los conocimientos acerca del manejo de condiciones crónicas. El error tipo I se consideró como estadísticamente significativo (p<0,05). Resultados: En el análisis de conocimientos acerca del manejo de condiciones crónicas, los equipos que participaron en la intervención educativa interprofesional tuvieron un aumento promedio en el posintervención superior a los equipos del grupo de control (p <0,001). Sin embargo, en el análisis de ambos grupos, no hubo variación significativa en los puntajes en el ambiente de trabajo en equipo (0,061). Conclusión: La intervención de educación interprofesional a corto plazo realizada durante las reuniones del equipo mejoró la comprensión de los conocimientos específicos sobre las condiciones crónicas. Pero no tuvo el mismo impacto significativo en el ambiente de trabajo en equipo.

Interprofessional team member's satisfaction: a mixed methods study of a Chilean hospital.

INTRODUCTION: The health organizations of today are highly complex and specialized. Given this scenario, there is a need for health professionals to work collaboratively within interprofessional work teams to ensure quality and safe care. To strengthen interprofessional teamwork, it is imperative that health organizations enhance strategic human resources management by promoting team member satisfaction. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the satisfaction of members in interprofessional teams and to explore interpersonal relationships, leadership, and team climate in a hospital context. METHODOLOGY: This study is an explanatory sequential mixed methods (quantitative/qualitative) study of 53 teams (409 professionals) at a university hospital in Santiago, Chile. The first phase involved quantitative surveys with team members examining team satisfaction, transformational leadership, and team climate. Social network analysis was used to identify interactions among team members (cohesion and centrality). The second phase involved interviews with 15 professionals belonging to teams with the highest and lowest team satisfaction scores. Findings of both phases were integrated. RESULTS: Significant associations were found among variables, and the linear regression model showed that team climate (ß = 0.26) was a better predictor of team satisfaction than team leadership (ß = 0.17). Registered nurse was perceived as the profession with the highest score on the transformational leadership measure (mean = 64), followed by the physician (mean = 33). Team networks with the highest and lowest score of team satisfaction showed differences in cohesion and centrality measures. Analysis of interviews identified five themes: attributes of interprofessional work; collaboration, communication, and social interaction; interprofessional team innovation; shared leadership; and interpersonal relationship interface work/social. Integration of findings revealed that team member satisfaction requires participation and communication, common goals and commitment for patient-centered care, clear roles and objectives to support collaborative work, and the presence of a transformational leader to strengthen well-being, dialog, and innovation. CONCLUSIONS: Results have the potential to contribute to the planning and decision-making in the field of human resources, providing elements to promote the management of health teams and support team member satisfaction. In turn, this could lead to job permanence especially where the local health needs are more urgent.

Mapping the implementation of evidence-based nutritional management in primary health care settings: a scoping review protocol.

REVIEW QUESTION/OBJECTIVE: The objective of this scoping review is to systematically map and categorize the wide variety of interventions and programs that might be classified under the umbrella term "evidence-based nutritional management in primary healthcare". The development of this scoping review will provide a better understanding of how evidence-based nutritional management has been implemented by healthcare professionals in primary health care settings, especially of barriers and facilitators to implementing evidence-based nutritional management. Therefore, three research questions were chosen to guide the scoping review.

Trabalho em equipe e prática colaborativa na Atenção Primária à Saúde / Teamwork and collaborative practice in Primary Health Care

Prática colaborativa e trabalho em equipe podem contribuir para melhorar o acesso universal e a qualidade da atenção à saúde. Entretanto, a operacionalização do trabalho interprofissional se constitui como um desafio atual. Acrescenta-se a esse desafio a imprecisão conceitual no estudo da temática, em que termos como colaboração e trabalho em equipe são frequentemente utilizados como sinônimos. O presente artigo visa apresentar os conceitos atuais de trabalho interprofissional, problematizando-os no contexto da Atenção Primária à Saúde. Concluímos que trabalho em equipe e prática colaborativa na Atenção Primária à Saúde precisam ser abordados de forma contingencial, ou seja, segundo características dos usuários/população adscrita, segundo contexto e condições de trabalho. Assinalamos que a colaboração envolve profissionais que querem trabalhar juntos para prover melhor atenção à saúde e pode se dar como colaboração na equipe e colaboração em rede intersetorial e com a comunidade.(AU)

La práctica colaborativa y el trabajo en equipo pueden contribuir para mejorar el acceso universal y la calidad de la atención de la salud. No obstante, la puesta en operación del trabajo interprofesional se constituye en un desafío actual. A ese desafío se añade la imprecisión conceptual en el estudio de la temática, en que términos tales como colaboración y trabajo en equipo frecuentemente se utilizan como sinónimos. El objetivo de este articulo es presentar los conceptos actuales de trabajo interprofesional, problematizándolos en el contexto de la Atención Primaria de la Salud. Concluimos que el trabajo en equipo y la práctica colaborativa en la Atención Primaria de la Salud tienen que abordarse de forma contingencial, es decir, según características de los usuarios/población adscrita, según contexto y condiciones de trabajo. Señalamos que la colaboración envuelve a profesionales que quieren trabajar juntos para proporcionar una mejor atención de la salud y que puede realizarse como "colaboración en el equipo y colaboración en red intersectorial y con la comunidad".(AU)

Collaborative practice and teamwork can contribute to improve universal access and the quality of healthcare. However, the operationalization of interprofessional work constitutes a current challenge. This challenge is increased by conceptual imprecisions in the study of interprofessional work, in which terms like collaboration and teamwork are often used as synonyms. This article aims to present current concepts of interprofessional work, problematizing them in the context of primary care. We conclude that teamwork and collaborative practice in primary care need to be addressed in a contingent manner, according to the characteristics of service users/catchment population as well as to the context and working conditions. We highlight that collaboration involves professionals willing to work together to provide better healthcare, and can occur both as "Team collaboration" and "Intersectoral and community collaboration".(AU)

Contributions of team climate in the study of interprofessional collaboration: A conceptual analysis.

The concept of team climate is widely used to understand and evaluate working environments. It shares some important features with Interprofessional Collaboration (IPC). The four-factor theory of climate for work group innovation, which underpins team climate, could provide a better basis for understanding both teamwork and IPC. This article examines in detail the common ground between team climate and IPC, and assesses the relevance of team climate as a theoretical approach to understanding IPC. There are important potential areas of overlap between team climate and IPC that we have grouped under four headings: (1) interaction and communication between team members; (2) common objectives around which collective work is organised; (3) responsibility for performing work to a high standard; and (4) promoting innovation in working practices. These overlapping areas suggest common characteristics that could provide elements of a framework for considering the contribution of team climate to collaborative working, both from a conceptual perspective and, potentially, in operational terms as, for example, a diagnostic tool.